GAMET HIV Monitoring & Evaluation Resource Library

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+ Introduction & Background Library Structure How Library Works M&E System Assessments HIV Response Management + 1) HIV M&E Systems - 12 components Organisational structures with M&E Human capacity for HIV M&E M&E partnerships M&E plan Costed M&E work plan M&E advocacy, communications and culture Surveys & surveillance Routine monitoring Supervision & data auditing HIV database HIV evaluation, research and learning Data dissemination & use test brian + 2) HowTo Guide Listing + 3) HIV Analytical Work + 4) Planning for & Managing HIV Results Introduction Use Evidence to Ground Results Cycle Apply Results Cycle to HIV Strategies HIV Strategy Document    Glossary Term Explanation 12 components Twelve components of a functional HIV M&E system AAP Africa Action Plan Accountability Obligation to demonstrate that work has been conducted in compliance with agreed rules and standards or to report fairly and accurately on performance results vis a vis mandated roles and/or plans. This may require a careful, even legally defensible, demonstration that the work is consistent with the contract terms. Note: Accountability in development may refer to the obligations of partners to act according to clearly defined responsibilities, roles and performance expectations, often with respect to the prudent use of resources. For evaluators, it connotes the responsibility to provide accurate, fair and credible monitoring reports and performance assessments. For public sector managers and policy-makers, accountability is to taxpayers/citizens. Achievement A manifested performance determined by some type of assessment ACTafrica AIDS Campaign Team for Africa Activities Actions taken or work performed through which inputs, such as funds, technical assistance and other types of resources are mobilized to produce specific outputs. Related term: development intervention. Activity Actions taken or work performed through which inputs, such as funds, technical assistance and other types of resources are mobilized to produce specific outputs. Related term: development intervention. Adaptable Program Lending Specific World Bank financing instrument Advocacy The act of pleading or arguing in favor of something, such as a cause, idea, or policy. Advocacy is intended to educate, sensitize, influence and change opinion, or motivate action by creating and implementing a favorable policy. AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) A condition caused by infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV injures cells in the immune system. This impairs the body’s ability to fight disease. People with AIDS are susceptible to a wide range of unusual and potentially life threatening diseases and infections. Diseases can often be treated, but there is no successful treatment for the underlying immune deficiency caused by the virus. AIDS is the last and most severe stage of the clinical spectrum of HIV-related disease Analyses Processes of systematically applying statistical techniques and logic to interpret, compare, categorize, and summarize data collected in order to draw conclusions. Analysis The process of systematically applying statistical techniques and logic to interpret, compare, categorize, and summarize data collected in order to draw conclusions. Analytical tool Method used to process and interpret information during an evaluation. Analytical tools Methods used to process and interpret information during an evaluation. Antibodies These are proteins that the body makes to attack foreign organisms and toxins. Foreign organisms and toxins are called antigens. They circulate in the blood. Antibodies are usually effective in removing antigens from the body. Following infection by some organisms such as HIV, however, the antibodies do not get rid of the antigen. They only mark its presence. When found in the blood, these ‘marker’ antibodies indicate that infection by HIV has occurred. Antigen Any substance – such as bacteria, virus particles or toxins – that stimulates the body to produce antibodies. HIV is an antigen. Antigen screen Blood tests that are designed to detect the antigen instead of antibodies produced in response to the antigen. There are several types of HIV antigen screens. Antiretroviral Medication used to fight infection by retroviruses, such as HIV infection Antiretroviral therapy A medical treatment regimen that fights the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in those diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a treatment that uses antiretroviral medicines to suppress viral replication and improve symptoms. Effective antiretroviral therapy requires the simultaneous use of three or four antiretroviral medicines, otherwise known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). APL Adaptable Program Lending Applied Research A type of research conducted on the basis of the assumption that human and societal problems can be solved with knowledge. Insights gained through the study of gender relations for example, can be used to develop effective strategies with which to overcome, socio-cultural barriers to gender equality and equity. Incorporating the findings of applied research into programme design therefore can strengthen interventions to bring about the desired change. Appraisal An overall assessment of the relevance, feasibility and potential sustainability of a development intervention prior to a decision of funding. Note: In development agencies, banks, etc., the purpose of appraisal is to enable decision-makers to decide whether the activity represents an appropriate use of corporate resources. Related term: ex-ante evaluation Appraisal Report The document that results from the appraisal mission and serves as the basis for project operational planning and annual planning. It is the overall framework (but not a blueprint) for the project strategy. Approach A specific and chosen way of advancing or proceeding. AQ ACTafrica (annual) Questionnaire ARC (AIDS-related complex) This term refers to the condition of immunosuppression caused by the HIV infection. General symptoms of HIV disease are present, but none of the formal indicators of AIDS (such as specific opportunistic infections) are present. This term is now being replaced by PGL (Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy). Asymptomatic Having no signs and symptoms of illness. People can have HIV infection and be asymptomatic. Usually used in AIDS literature to describe a person who has a positive reaction to one of several tests for HIV antibodies, but who shows no clinical symptoms of the disease. ART Anti-retroviral Therapy ARV Antiretroviral (medicines/ drugs) ASAP AIDS Strategy and Action Plan Assessment A process (which may or may not be systematic) of gathering information, analysing it, then making a judgment on the basis of the information. Assumptions Hypotheses about conditions that are necessary to ensure that: (1) planned activities will produce expected results; (2) the cause effect relationship between the different levels of programme results will occur as expected. Achieving results depends on whether or not the assumptions made prove to be true. Incorrect assumptions at any stage of the results chain can become an obstacle to achieving the expected results Attribution Causal link of one event with another. The extent to which observed effects can be ascribed to a specific intervention. Attribution The ascription of a causal link between observed (or expected to be observed) changes and a specific intervention. Note: Attribution refers to that which is to be credited for the observed changes or results achieved. It represents the extent to which observed development effects can be attributed To a specific intervention or to the performance of one or more partner taking account of other interventions, (anticipated or unanticipated) confounding factors, or external shocks Audit An independent, objective assurance activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to assess and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes. Note: a distinction is made between regularity (financial) auditing, which focuses on compliance with applicable statutes and regulations; and performance auditing, which is concerned with relevance, econo-my, efficiency and effectiveness. Internal auditing provides an assessment of internal controls undertaken by a unit reporting to management while external auditing is conducted by an independent organization. Auditing An independent, objective, systematic process that assesses the adequacy of the internal controls of an organization, the effectiveness of its risk management and governance processes, in order to improve its efficiency and overall performance. It verifies compliance with established rules, regulations, policies and procedures and validates the accuracy of financial reports Authority The power to decide, certify or approve Authority The rights inherent in a managerial position to give orders and expect them to be obeyed.. Baseline The status of services and outcome-related measures such as knowledge, attitudes, norms, behaviours, and conditions before an intervention. Baseline Study An analysis describing the situation prior to a development intervention, against which progress can be assessed or comparisons made. BCC Behaviour Change Communication Benchmark Reference point or standard against which performance or achievements can be assessed. Note: A benchmark refers to the performance that has been achieved in the recent past by other comparable organizations, or what can be reasonably inferred to have been achieved in the circumstances. Beneficiaries The individuals, groups, or organizations, whether targeted or not, that benefit, directly or indirectly, from the development intervention. Related terms: reach, target group. Beneficiary The individuals, groups, or organizations, whether targeted or not, that benefit, directly or indirectly, from the development intervention. Related terms: reach, target group. Beneficiary The beneficiaries and other stakeholders of a development intervention. Related term: beneficiaries Bias Refers to statistical bias. Inaccurate representation that produces systematic error in a research finding. Bias may result in overestimating or underestimating certain characteristics of the population. It may result from incomplete information or invalid data collection methods and may be intentional or unintentional. Body Fluids Any fluids made by the body. The only body fluids that may contain significant concentrations of HIV are: blood (including menstrual blood), semen, breast milk, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid etc. Other body fluids that may fall under this category are body cavity fluids derived from blood such as cerebrospinal fluid (more important for health professionals). BSS Behavioral Surveillance Survey. Specific type of survey to assess the behaviours of the general population or of specific higher risk sub populations. Budget A financial plan of an entity relating to a period of time Budget Plan schedule Plan assigning the quarterly cost to be incurred by the different activities as well as subdividing these costs on the basis of the source of finance. Capacity The knowledge, organization and resources needed to perform a function Capacity assessment A structured and analytical process whereby the various dimensions of capacity are measured and evaluated within the broader environmental or systems context, as well as specific entities and individuals within the system. Again, special emphasis must be given to looking at existing capacities. Capacity assessments can also take place at three levels; systems-, organisational-, and an individual level. Capacity development Strategies in which human resources and operational capabilities of institutions are improved to perform priority functions better. Capacity development encompasses developing the capacities of individuals, organizations and the system. Capacity Development A process that encompasses the building of technical abilities, behaviours, relationships and values that enable individuals, groups, organizations and societies to enhance their performance and to achieve their development objectives over time. It progresses through several different stages of development so that the types of interventions required to develop capacity at different stages vary. It includes strengthening the processes, systems and rules that shape collective and individual behaviours and performance in all development endeavours as well as people's ability and willingness to play new developmental roles and to adapt to new demands and situations. Capacity development is also referred to as capacity building or strengthening. CAS Country Assistance Strategy Case study A methodological approach to describing a situation, individual, or the like that typically incorporates data-gathering activities—interviews, observations, questionnaires - at selected sites or programs; the findings are then used to report to stakeholders, make recommendations for program improvement, and share lessons with other countries Causal Relationship A logical connection or cause-and-effect linkage existing in the achievement of related, interdependent results. Generally the term refers to plausible linkages, not statistically accurate relationships. Causality Analysis A type of analysis used in programme formulation to identify the root causes of development challenges. Development problems often derive from the same root causes (s). The analysis organizes the main data, trends and findings into relationships of cause and effect. It identifies root causes and their linkages as well as the differentiated impact of the selected development challenges. Generally, for reproductive health and population problems, a range of causes can be identified that are interrelated. A “causality framework or causality tree analysis” (sometimes referred to as “problem tree”) can be used as a tool to cluster contributing causes and examine the linkages among them and their various determinants. CBO Community-based Organisation. An organisation working in the community itself, most frequently made up of members of the community itself CD4+ (helper T cells) A large glycoprotein that is found on the surface of T4 cells and is the receptor for HIV. White blood cells killed or disabled during HIV infection. These cells normally orchestrate the 28 immune response, signalling other cells in the immune system to perform their special functions. Also known as T helper cells. HIV’s preferred targets are cells that have a docking molecule called cluster designation 4 (CD4) on their surfaces. Cells with this molecule are known as CD4-positive (or CD4+) cells. Destruction of CD4+ lymphocytes is the major cause of the immunodeficiency observed in AIDS, and decreasing CD4+ lymphocyte levels appear to be the best indicator of morbidity in these patients. Although CD4 counts fall, the total T-cell level remains fairly constant through the course of HIV disease, due to a concomitant increase in the CD8+ cells. The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells is therefore an important measure of disease progression. CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDF Comprehensive Development Framework. The World Bank's main policy document, which determines the strategic direction and priorities of the World Bank; the last CDF was developed in 1998. CFF Country Feedback Form CHAI Community HIV/AIDS Initiative (MAP funding for civil society in Uganda) Chain of command Adherence to the management principle that no person should report to more than one boss. Chain of Results The causal sequence in the planning of a development intervention that stipulates the possible pathways for achieving desired results beginning with the activities through which inputs are mobilized to produce specific outputs, and culminating in outcomes, impacts and feedback. The chain of results articulates a particular programme theory. CHAT Country Harmonisation Assessment Tool Cluster evaluation An evaluation of a set of related activities, projects and/or programs. Co-factor A situation or activity that may increase a person’s risk for progressing from asymptomatic HIV infection to symptomatic disease or AIDS. Examples of possible co-factors are: other infections, drug and alcohol abuse, homelessness, poor nutrition, genetic disorder, stress etc. Commercial Sex Worker A male or female who accepts money or gifts in return for sex Communication A process to exchange information using various means or media. Good communication always has a clear purpose; content; reliable source; appealing form; effective transmission channel; defined or targeted receivers; and is effectively delivered to the intended recipient. Community A group of people living in the same locality and sharing some common characteristics. Community Participation Generally considered to be the active participation of community members in local development activities. In practice, however, the term refers to a wide range of degrees of local involvement in external development interventions, from token and passive involvement to more empowerment oriented forms of local decision-making. Completion The final phase in the project cycle, when a project completion report is produced. “Lessons learned” are identified and the various project completion activities take place. It can include an end-of-project evaluation. Conceptual model A diagram of a set of relationships between factors that are believed to impact or lead to a target condition. It is the foundation of project design, management and monitoring; and it is the first part of a complete project plan. Conclusion A reasoned judgement based on a synthesis of empirical findings or factual statements corresponding to a specific circumstance. Conclusions Conclusions point out the factors of success and failure of the evaluated intervention, with special attention paid to the intended and unintended results andimpacts, and more generally to any other strength or weakness. A conclusion draws on data collection and analyses undertaken, through a transparent chain of arguments. Condom (female) A pouch made of polyurethane inserted into the vagina before intercourse and held in place by a loose inner ring and fixed outer ring. The female condom prevents conception and provides protection from sexually transmitted infections. Unlike the male condom, it does not depend on the man’s erection. Condom (male) A sheath unrolled over the erect penis. Male condoms made from latex or polyurethane prevent conception and transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. control group A specially selected subgroup of people who purposefully do not receive the same treatment, input or training, etc. as the target group. Thus, differences between the control group and the target group can be measured and evaluated. Cost-Benefit Analysis A type of analysis that compares the costs and benefits of programmes. Benefits are translated into monetary terms. In the case of an HIV infection averted, for instance, one would add up all the costs that could be avoided such as medical treatment costs, lost income, funeral costs, etc. The cost-benefit ratio of a programme is then calculated by dividing those total benefits (in monetary terms) by the total programme cost (in monetary terms). If the benefits as expressed in monetary terms are greater than the money spent on the programme, then the programme is considered to be of absolute benefit. Cost-benefit analysis can be used to compare interventions that have different outcomes (family planning and malaria control programmes, for example). Comparisons are also possible across sectors. It is, for instance, possible to compare the cost-benefit ratio of an HIV prevention programme with that of a programme investing in girls’ education. However, the valuation of health and social benefits in monetary terms can sometimes be problematic (assigning a value to human life, for example). Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation A type of analysis that compares effectiveness of different interventions by comparing their costs and outcomes measured in physical units (number of children immunized or the number of deaths averted, for example) rather than in monetary units. Cost-effectiveness is calculated by dividing the total programme cost by the units of outcome achieved by the programme (number of deaths averted or number of HIV infections prevented) and is expressed as cost per death averted or per HIV infection prevented, for example. This type of analysis can only be used for programmes that have the same objectives or outcomes. One might compare, for instance, different strategies to reduce maternal mortality. The programme that costs less per unit of outcome is considered the more cost-effective. Unlike cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis does not measure absolute benefit of a programme. Implicitly, the assumption is that the outcome of an intervention is worth achieving and that the issue is to determine the most cost-effective way to achieve it. Counterfactual The situation or condition which hypothetically may prevail for individuals, organizations, or groups were there no development intervention. Country Assistance Strategy A framework of objectives and priorities for a country drawn up and used to steer investments. Country Program Evaluation/Country Assistance Evaluation Evaluation of one or more development partner’s or agency’s portfolio of development interventions, and the assistance strategy behind them, in a partner country. Coverage The extent to which a program reaches its intended target population, institution, or geographical area CRIS Country Response Information System. UNAIDS-designed database that can be used to warehouse all electronic data about the HIV response in a country Critical Assumption An important factor, outside of aid itself, that influences the success of the activity, but over which the manager has no influence. Initial assumptions constitute perceived conditions for the success of a project. See “Assumptions”. Critical Reflection Questioning and analysing experiences, observations, theories, beliefs and/or assumptions. CSO Civil Society Organisation. A not-for-profit organisation, which could either be a non-governmental organisation, a community-based organisation or a faith-based organisation CSOs Civil Society Organisations. All types of not-for-profit organisations, including non-governmental organisations, community-based organisations and faith-based organisations DAC Development Aid Committee Data Data is defined as raw, unsummarised and unanalyzed facts. Data is of little use to decision-makers as it contains far too much detail. Before it can be used it must be converted in to information. Data auditing The process of verifying the completeness and accuracy of a selection of HIV output/program monitoring forms through, a) field visits to the organisations that submitted the forms; b) checking the quality of raw data kept by the reporting organisations by examining the daily records used to complete the output monitoring form for a specific reporting period; c) comparing the output monitoring form data against the raw data; and d) checking for internal consistency (e.g. checking drug inventory against doses administered against patients treated). Data collection tool Methodologies used to identify information sources and collect information during an evaluation. Note: Examples are informal and formal surveys, direct and participatory observation, community interviews, focus groups, expert opinion, case studies, literature search. Data demand Data demand is a concept distinct from data use and it reflects, at least in part, a measure of the value that the stakeholders and decision-makers place on the information, independent of their use of that information. For the purposes of defining demand, stakeholders actively and openly request information. Database An accumulation of information that has been systematically organized for easy access and analysis. Databases are usually computerized. ALSO: Collection of data which has been organised so that a computer program can quickly select desired items Database Management System A computer program used to manage and query a database. For the DBMS (software) to be used effectively, it needs to be installed onto hardware (computers) that are properly maintained. DBMS could be installed as a stand-alone software application on one computer, or installed on a network of different computers that are linked via cables or the internet to a central server. If installed on a network of computers, data typed in one computer is immediately visible on the all the others in the network. Database requirements Requirements describe all the functions the database will perform. Database specifications Specifications detail how the database will perform those functions that were defined in the database requirements. DBMS Database Management System. A computer program used to manage and query a database. For the DBMS (software) to be used effectively, it needs to be installed onto hardware (computers) that are properly maintained. DBMS could be installed as a stand-alone software application on one computer, or installed on a network of different computers that are linked via cables or the internet to a central server. If installed on a network of computers, data typed in one computer is immediately visible on the all the others in the network. DCA Development Credit Agreement Demographic and Health Survey Nationally-representative household survey with large sample sizes (usually between 5,000 and 30,000 households). DHS surveys provide data for a wide range of monitoring and impact evaluation indicators in the areas of population, health, and nutrition Development Credit Agreement Legal agreement between the World Bank and a borrower (client government) for a credit to a country Development Grant Agreement Legal agreement between the World Bank and a borrower (client government) for a grant to a country Development intervention An instrument for partner (development partner and non-development partner) support aimed to promote development. Note: Examples are policy advice, projects, programs. Development interventions An instrument for partner (development partner and non-development partner) support aimed to promote development. Note: Examples are policy advice, projects, programs. Development objective Intended impact contributing to physical, financial, institutional, social, environmental, or other benefits to a society, community, or group of people via one or more development interventions. Development objectives Intended impact contributing to physical, financial, institutional, social, environmental, or other benefits to a society, community, or group of people via one or more development interventions. DFID Department for International Development, British Government DGE Director General Evaluation DHS Demographic and Health Survey Disease surveillance The ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to describe diseases and their transmission in populations; these data can help predict future trends and target needed prevention and treatment programs; when the data are collected from certain sites—hospitals, antenatal clinics—that are believed to be representative of the population and have the potential to serve as early warning signs (sentinels), the process is called sentinel surveillance Downward Accountability The process by which development organisations are accountable to their partners and poor and marginalised groups. It entails greater participation and transparency in organisations’ work. DRC Democratic Republic of Congo Economic and sector work The World Bank’s knowledge base and provides a foundation for carrying out policy dialogue with partner countries, building countries’ analytic capacity, formulating and implementing effective lending programs, and influencing the development community. Economical Absence of waste for a given output. Note: An activity is economical when the costs of the scarce resources used approximate the minimum needed to achieve planned objectives. Effect Intended or unintended change due directly or indirectly to an intervention. Related terms: results, outcome. Effective practice Practices that have proven successful in particular circumstances. Knowledge about effective practices is used to demonstrate what works and what does not and to accumulate and apply knowledge about how and why they work in different situations and contexts. Effective practices Practices that have proven successful in particular circumstances. Knowledge about effective practices is used to demonstrate what works and what does not and to accumulate and apply knowledge about how and why they work in different situations and contexts. Effectiveness The extent to which the development intervention’s objectives were achieved, or are expected to be achieved, taking into account their relative importance. Note: Also used as an aggregate measure of (or judgment about) the merit or worth of an activity, i.e. the extent to which an intervention has attained, or is expected to attain, its major relevant objectives efficiently in a sustainable fashion and with a positive institutional development impact. ALSO: A measure of the extent to which a programme achieves its planned results (outputs, outcomes and goals). Effects Intended or unintended change due directly or indirectly to an intervention. Related terms: results, outcome. Efficacy The extent to which the development intervention’s objectives were achieved, or are expected to be achieved, taking into account their relative importance. Note: Also used as an aggregate measure of (or judgment about) the merit or worth of an activity, i.e. the extent to which an intervention has attained, or is expected to attain, its major relevant objectives efficiently in a sustainable fashion and with a positive institutional development impact. Related term: effectiveness Efficiency A measure of how economically inputs (financial, human, technical and material resources) are converted to results. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test A blood test that detects the presence of antibodies to a specific antigen. Relatively cheap HIV antibody test. If a blood test is positive, where possible it should be confirmed by the more accurate but more expensive Western Blot test. Epidemiology The branch of medical science that deals with the study of incidence, distribution and control of a disease in a population. ESW Economic and sector work Evaluability Extent to which an activity or a program can be evaluated in a reliable and credible fashion. Note: Evaluability assessment calls for the early review of a proposed activity in order to ascertain whether its objectives are adequately defined and its results verifiable. Evaluation The systematic and objective assessment of an on-going or completed project, programme or policy, its design, implementation and results. The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfillment of objectives, development efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. An evaluation should provide information that is credible and useful, enabling the incorporation of lessons learned into the decision– making process of both recipients and donors. Evaluation also refers to the process of determining the worth or significance of an activity, policy or program. An assessment, as systematic and objective as possible, of a planned, on-going, or completed development intervention. Note: Evaluation in some instances involves the definition of appropriate standards, the examination of performance against those standards, an assessment of actual and expected results and the identification of relevant lessons. Related term: review. Evaluation question A set of questions developed by the evaluator, sponsor, and/or other stakeholders, which define the issues the evaluation will investigate and are stated in such terms that they can be answered in a way useful to stakeholders. Evaluation standard A set of criteria against which the completeness and quality of evaluation work can be assessed. The standards measure the utility, feasibility, propriety and accuracy of the evaluation. Evaluation standards must be established in consultation with stakeholders prior to the evaluation Evaluations The systematic and objective assessment of an on-going or completed project, programme or policy, its design, implementation and results. The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfillment of objectives, development efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. An evaluation should provide information that is credible and useful, enabling the incorporation of lessons learned into the decision– making process of both recipients and donors. Evaluation also refers to the process of determining the worth or significance of an activity, policy or program. An assessment, as systematic and objective as possible, of a planned, on-going, or completed development intervention. Note: Evaluation in some instances involves the definition of appropriate standards, the examination of performance against those standards, an assessment of actual and expected results and the identification of relevant lessons. Related term: review. Evaluative activities Activities such as situational analysis, baseline surveys, applied research and diagnostic studies. Evaluative activities are quite distinct from evaluation; nevertheless, the findings of such activities can be used to improve, modify or adapt programme design and implementation. Evaluative activity Activities such as situational analysis, baseline surveys, applied research and diagnostic studies. Evaluative activities are quite distinct from evaluation; nevertheless, the findings of such activities can be used to improve, modify or adapt programme design and implementation. Ex-ante evaluation An evaluation that is performed before implementation of a development intervention. Related terms: appraisal, quality at entry. Ex-post evaluation A type of summative evaluation of an intervention usually conducted after it has been completed. Its purpose is to understand the factors of success or failure, to assess the outcome, impact and sustainability of results, and to draw conclusions that may inform similar interventions in the future Execution The management of a specific programme which includes accountability for the effective use of resources External evaluation An evaluation conducted by individuals or entities free of control by those responsible for the design and implementation of the development intervention to be evaluated Facilitator A person who helps members of a group conduct a meeting in an efficient and effective way but who does not dictate what will happen. Facility survey A site inventory of all elements required to deliver services, such as basic infrastructure, drugs, equipment, test kits, registers, and staff trained in the delivery of the service; the units of observation are facilities of various types and levels in the health system and normally include both public and private facilities in the sample frame of sites; may also be referred to as a service provision assessment Faith-based organisation Organisation that is part of or linked to the religious structures of a particular religion False negative An incorrect test result that indicates that no HIV antibodies are present when in fact infection has occurred. False positive An incorrect test result that indicates that HIV antibodies are present when in fact infection has NOT occurred. FBO Faith-based Organisation Feasibility The coherence and quality of a programme strategy that makes successful implementation likely. Feedback The transmission of findings of monitoring and evaluation activities organized and presented in an appropriate form for dissemination to users in order to improve programme management, decision-making and organizational learning. Feedback is generated through monitoring, evaluation and evaluative activities and may include findings, conclusions, recommendations and lessons learned from experience. FHI Family Health International Financial year Start and end of an organisation's financial accounting. Financial years usually cover a 12 month period, and may, or may not, be similar to the calendar year Finding A factual statement on a programme based on empirical evidence gathered through monitoring and evaluation activities Focus group A group of usually 7-10 people selected to engage in discussions designed for the purpose of sharing insights and observations, obtaining perceptions or opinions, suggesting ideas, or recommending actions on a topic of concern. A focus group discussion is a method of collecting data for monitoring and evaluation purposes. Moderated group discussions on a particular topic/issue. They are useful for gathering information from a group of respondents at one time, to capture perspectives from a cross section of the population. Formative evaluation A type of process evaluation undertaken during programme implementation to furnish information that will guide programme improvement. A formative evaluation focuses on collecting data on programme operations so that needed changes or modifications can be made to the programme in its early stages. Formative evaluations are used to provide feedback to programme managers and other personnel about the programme that are working and those that need to be changed FY Financial Year GAMET Global AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Team - see About section GAMET HIV M&E Resource Library The HIV Monitoring and Evaluation Resource Library is a library for HIV monitoring and evaluation systems. It contains a set of electronic resources (how-to guides, tools, guidelines, country examples and other documents) for building and maintaining national, sub-national and sectoral HIV M&E systems. These electronic resources include national HIV databases; job descriptions of national HIV M&E unit staff; terms of reference for consultants to develop different aspects of M&E systems; user manuals; M&E operational plans; model budgets and costings; survey protocols; standard PowerPoint presentations explaining different aspects of M&E systems; and other related documents. GAMET HIV monitoring and evaluation resource library GF Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria - go to www.theglobalfund.org for more information GHAP Global HIV and AIDS Program - go to www.worldbank.org/aids for more information GIS Geographic Information System Global HIV/AIDS Program The World Bank's programme to coordinate its HIV efforts Goal The higher-order objective to which a development intervention is intended to contribute. Related term: development objective. GOM Generic Operations Manual Grassroots Organisation The organisations based in communities that (may) represent the primary stakeholders vis-à-vis the project and can be implementing partners. GTT Global Task Team on Improving AIDS Coordination among Multilateral Institutions and International development partners GTZ Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Development Cooperation) HAART Highly active antiretroviral therapy Health Facility Survey A survey targeting health facilities to gather information on the availability of human resources, equipment, commodities and drugs, and type of services delivered. Examples include site-based facility surveys (e.g. HIV and AIDS Service Provision Assessment) and SAMs (Service Availability Mapping Surveys) High-risk behaviour A term used to describe activities that increase a person’s risk of transmitting or becoming infected with HIV. Examples of high risk behaviours include: unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse (without a condom) or using contaminated injection needles or syringes. These are often also referred to as unsafe activities. Highly active antiretroviral therapy The name given to treatment regimens recommended by leading HIV experts to aggressively suppress viral replication and progress of HIV disease. The usual HAART regimen combines three or more different drugs such as two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a protease inhibitor, two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, or other combinations. These treatment regimens have been shown to reduce the amount of virus so that (with commonly-used tests) it becomes undetectable in a patient’s blood; even so, the virus may still be present in blood and body fluids. HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The standard name was officially chosen in August 1986 to avoid confusion after different countries gave the virus other names. In old literature, one may see the virus referred to as: HTLV-III, LAV or ARV. HIV M&E Procedures, tools and techniques for all issues concerning HIV monitoring and evaluation HIV M&E HIV M&E plan A comprehensive narrative document for all HIV M&E activities documenting the key M&E questions to be addressed; what indicators are collected; how, how often, from where and why they will be collected; includes baselines, targets and assumptions; how they are going to be analyzed or interpreted; and how or how often reports will be developed and distributed on the indicators HIV M&E Resource Library The HIV Monitoring and Evaluation Resource Library is a library for HIV monitoring and evaluation systems. It contains a set of electronic resources (how-to guides, tools, guidelines, country examples and other documents) for building and maintaining national, sub-national and sectoral HIV M&E systems. These electronic resources include national HIV databases; job descriptions of national HIV M&E unit staff; terms of reference for consultants to develop different aspects of M&E systems; user manuals; M&E operational plans; model budgets and costings; survey protocols; standard PowerPoint presentations explaining different aspects of M&E systems; and other related documents. HIV M&E system Components with procedures, tools and techniques for all issues concerning HIV monitoring and evaluation HIV M&E unit HIV medications HIV medications fall under 4 classes: protease inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside/ nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors and (most recently) entry inhibitors (only one medication currently available under this class: Fuzeon) HIV prevalence Usually given as a percentage, HIV prevalence quantifies the proportion of individuals in a population who have HIV at a specific point in time. HIV response HIV results The collective results - input-level results, output-level results, outcome-level results, and impact-level results - achieved through the implementation of HIV response strategies and programmes HIV surveillance HIV surveillance comprises both biological and behavioural surveillance. Biological surveillance involves repeated cross-sectional serosurveys in a representative population, while behavioural surveillance refers to repeat cross-sectional surveys of behaviour in a representative population HIV transmission For HIV transmission to occur two conditions must be satisfied: the presence of the virus and a port of entry into the body. The three most common modes of transmission are: (1). Unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner. The virus can enter the body through the mucosal lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum or, very rarely, the mouth during sex. The likelihood of transmission is increased by factors that may damage these linings, especially other sexually transmitted infections that cause ulcers or inflammation. (2). Direct contact with infected blood, most often by drug injectors using needles or syringes contaminated with minute quantities of blood containing the virus. (3). Mother-to-child transmission either during pregnancy or birth, or postnatal via breastfeeding. HIV treatment See antiretroviral therapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) HIV vaccine, preventive A vaccine designed to prevent an HIV infection becoming established in a person. HIV vaccine, therapeutic Also called treatment vaccine. A vaccine designed to boost the immune response to HIV in persons already infected with the virus. HIV-1 The retrovirus that is the principal worldwide cause of AIDS. HIV-2 A retrovirus closely related to HIV-1 that also causes AIDS in humans, found principally in West Africa HIV-infected As distinct from HIV-positive (which can sometimes be a false positive test result, especially in infants of up to 18 months of age). The term HIV-infected is usually used to indicate the evidence of HIV has been found via a blood or tissue test. HIV-negative Showing no evidence of infection with HIV (e.g. absence of antibodies against HIV) in a blood or tissue test. Synonymous with seronegative. HIV-positive Showing indications of infection with HIV (e.g., presence of antibodies against HIV) on a test of blood or tissue. Synonymous with seropositive. Test may occasionally show false positive results. HR Human capacity The ability to perform appropriate tasks effectively, efficiently, and sustainably. Capacity focuses on three levels; systems context, organisation and individual Human capacity development of the individual/s The development of human skills capacity and the effective use of managerial, professional and technical staff and volunteers. It involves identifying the appropriate people to be trained; providing an effective learning environment for training and education; in-service and field supervision for continued skills transfer; and long-term mentoring for directional, emotional and moral support IAR Implementation Assessment Review IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICR Implementation Completion Report IDA International Development Association IDF Institutional Development Fund IEC Information, education, and communication IEG Independent Evaluation Group Immune system All of the mechanisms (e.g. T cells) that act to defend the body against external agents particularly microbes, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Impact Positive and negative, primary and secondary long-term effects produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended. ALSO: The longer-range, cumulative effect of programs over time, such as change in HIV infection, morbidity, and mortality; impacts are rarely, if ever, attributable to a single program, but a program may, with other programs, contribute to impacts on a population Impact Positive and negative, primary and secondary long-term effects produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended. ALSO: The longer-range, cumulative effect of programs over time, such as change in HIV infection, morbidity, and mortality; impacts are rarely, if ever, attributable to a single program, but a program may, with other programs, contribute to impacts on a population Impact evaluation Impact evaluation is the systematic identification of the long-term effects (positive or negative, intended or not) on individual households, institutions and the environment, caused by a given development activity such as a program or project. Impact evaluation looks beyond the immediate results of policies, instruction, or services to identify longer-term as well as unintended program effects. Impact evaluation (for HIV) Looks at the rise and fall of disease incidence and prevalence as a function of HIV/AIDS programs; the effects (impact) on entire populations seldom can be attributed to a single program or even several programs; therefore, evaluations of impact on populations usually entail a rigorous evaluation design that includes the combined effects of a number of programs on at-risk populations Impact monitoring In the field of public health, is usually referred to as disease surveillance (see above) and is concerned with the monitoring of disease prevalence or incidence; with this type of monitoring, data are collected at the jurisdictional, regional, and national levels Impacts Positive and negative, primary and secondary long-term effects produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended. ALSO: The longer-range, cumulative effect of programs over time, such as change in HIV infection, morbidity, and mortality; impacts are rarely, if ever, attributable to a single program, but a program may, with other programs, contribute to impacts on a population Implementing Partner Those organisations either sub-contracted by the Project Management Unit or those organisations officially identified in the loan agreement as responsible for implementing a defined aspect of the project. Also known as “co-implementing partners". Incidence Sometimes also referred to as ‘cumulative incidence’, is the proportion of people who have become infected with HIV during a specific period of time. Typically, HIV incidence refers to the number of NEW infections. The number of new cases occurring in a given population over a certain period of time. N.B. The terms prevalence and incidence should not be confused. Incidence only applies to the number of new cases, while the term prevalence applies to all cases old and new. Incubation period The time interval between HIV infection and the onset of AIDS defining illnesses. Independent evaluation An evaluation carried out by entities and persons free of the control of those responsible for the design and implementation of the development intervention. Note: The credibility of an evaluation depends in part on how independently it has been carried out. Independence implies freedom from political influence and organizational pressure. It is characterized by full access to information and by full auto nomy in carrying out investigations and reporting findings Indicator Quantitative or qualitative factor or variable that provides a simple and reliable means to measure achievement, to reflect the changes connected to an intervention, or to help assess the performance of a development actor. In order for indicators to be useful for monitoring and evaluating programme results, it is important to identify indicators that are direct, objective, practical and adequate and to regularly update them Indicators Quantitative or qualitative factor or variable that provides a simple and reliable means to measure achievement, to reflect the changes connected to an intervention, or to help assess the performance of a development actor. In order for indicators to be useful for monitoring and evaluating programme results, it is important to identify indicators that are direct, objective, practical and adequate and to regularly update them Indirect Effects The unplanned changes brought about as a result of the intervention. Information Data that has been processed into a meaningful form. Information Management system A system of inputting, collating and organising data that should provide selective data and reports to the management, to assist in monitoring and controlling the project organisation, resources, activities and results. Information use Decision-makers and stakeholders explicitly consider information in one or more steps in the process of policymaking, program planning and management, or service provision, even if the final decision or actions are not based on that information. Input A resource used in a program; includes monetary and personnel resources that come from a variety of sources, as well as curricula and materials Input and output monitoring Involves the basic tracking of information about program inputs, or resources that go into a program, and about outputs of the program activities; data sources for monitoring inputs and outputs usually exist naturally in program documentation, such as activity reports and logs, and client records, which offer details about the time, place, and amount of services delivered, as well as the types of clients receiving services Inputs The financial, human, material, technological and information resource provided by stakeholders (i.e. development partners, programme implementers and beneficiaries) that are used to implement a development intervention Inspection A special, on-the-spot investigation of an activity that seeks to resolve particular problems Institutional development impact The extent to which an intervention improves or weakens the ability of a country or region to make more efficient, equitable, and sustainable use of its human, financial, and natural resources, for example through: (a) better definition, stability, transparency, enforceability and predictability of institutional arrangements and/or (b) better alignment of the mission and capacity of an organization with its mandate, which derives from these institutional arrangements. Such impacts can include intended and unintended effects of an action. Internal evaluation Evaluation of a development intervention conducted by a unit and/or individuals reporting to the management of the development partner, partner, or implementing organization. Intervention Specific set of activities implemented by a project or providers and can be focused at various levels such as the individual, small or large group, community or societal levels. Interview Interview is a one-on-one conversation between the data collector and a respondent ISR Implementation Status and Results report Joint evaluation An evaluation to which different development partner agencies and/or partners participate. Note: There are various degrees of “jointness” depending on the extent to which individual partners cooperate in the evaluation process, merge their evaluation resources and combine their evaluation reporting. Joint evaluations can help overcome attribution problems in assessing the effectiveness of programs and strategies, the complementarity of efforts supported by different partners, the quality of aid coordination, etc. Joint M&E mission / trip This involves more than one development partner’s representatives (all of whom support the country in one or more aspects of its HIV M&E system) agreeing and planning a joint trip to the country concerned. Joint Review Joint Review of the HIV response in a country, which should ideally focus on an HIV epidemic update, HIV response update and HIV resource assessment, to determine the policy decisions that are required to implement the HIV response in a country Joint study tour This is an opportunity for groups of nominated persons from one country to visit similar groups in other countries, with similar interests, to learn more about their operations. Knowledge The capacity to use information, which requires education and experience. KS Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Many people with AIDS experience this cancer of the connective tissues in blood vessels. Pink, broken or purple blotches on the skin may be a symptom of KS. KS lesions sometimes occur inside the body in lymph nodes, the intestinal tract and the lungs. Learning Reflecting on experience to identify how a situation or future actions could be improved and then using this knowledge to make actual improvements. This can be individual or group-based. Learning involves applying lessons learned to future actions, which provides the basis for another cycle of learning. Lessons learned Generalizations based on evaluation experiences with projects, programs, or policies that abstract from the specific circumstances to broader situations. Frequently, lessons highlight strengths or w The identification of lessons learned relies on three key factors: i) the accumulation of past experiences and insights; ii) good data collection instruments; and iii) a context analysiseaknesses in preparation, design, and implementation that affect performance, outcome, and impact. LGA Local Government Authority LGA Local Government Authority Life skills Life skills are cognitive, personal and interpersonal abilities that help people make informed decisions, solve problems, think critically and creatively, communicate effectively, build healthy relationships, empathize with others, and cope with and manage their lives in a healthy and productive manner. There is no definitive list of life skills! The listing below only includes the interlinked psychosocial and interpersonal abilities generally considered important. 30 Learning to know – cognitive skills; Decision making/problem solving skills; Critical thinking skills Learning to be – personal skills ; Skills for increasing internal locus of control ; Skills for managing feelings; Skills for managing stress Learning to live together – communication and interpersonal skills ; Interpersonal communication skills; Negotiation/refusal skills; Empathy; Cooperation and teamwork; Advocacy skills Line authority Authority that entitles a manager to direct the M&E work of an employee. Loan agreement An agreement spelling out the project's goal, area, main components and budget by expenditure category. It contains formal conditions that must be complied with, primarily relating to procurement, reporting and financial management. Log frame Logical Framework. A dynamic planning and management tool that summarizes the results of the logical framework approach process and communicates the key features of a programme design in a single matrix. It can provide the basis for monitoring progress achieved and evaluating programme results. The matrix should be revisited and refined regularly as new information becomes available. Logframe Logical Framework. A dynamic planning and management tool that summarizes the results of the logical framework approach process and communicates the key features of a programme design in a single matrix. It can provide the basis for monitoring progress achieved and evaluating programme results. The matrix should be revisited and refined regularly as new information becomes available. Logical Framework A dynamic planning and management tool that summarizes the results of the logical framework approach process and communicates the key features of a programme design in a single matrix. It can provide the basis for monitoring progress achieved and evaluating programme results. The matrix should be revisited and refined regularly as new information becomes available. Logical framework (Logframe) Management tool used to improve the design of interventions, most often at the project level. It involves identifying strategic elements (inputs, outputs, outcomes, impact) and their causal relationships, indicators, and the assumptions or risks that may influence success and failure. It thus facilitates planning, execution and evaluation of a development intervention. Related term: results based management. Logical framework approach A specific strategic planning methodology that is used to prepare a programme or development intervention. The methodology entails a participatory process to clarify outcomes, outputs, activities and inputs, their causal relationships, the indicators with which to gauge/measure progress towards results, and the assumptions and risks that may influence success and failure of the intervention. It offers a structured logical approach to setting priorities and building consensus around intended results and activities of a programme together with stakeholders. Logical Framework matrix Also known as “logframe” or “logframe matrix”. A table, usually consisting of four rows and four columns, that summarises what the project intends to do and how (necessary inputs, outputs, purpose, objectives), what the key assumptions are, and how outputs and outcomes will be monitored and evaluated. M&E plan Monitoring and evaluation plan. A comprehensive planning document for all M&E activities, it documents the key M&E questions to be addressed, what indicators are collected, how, how often, from where and why they will be collected; baselines, targets and assumptions; how they are going to be analysed or interpreted, and how or how often reports will be developed and distributed on these indicators. M&E Resource Library The HIV Monitoring and Evaluation Resource Library is a library for HIV monitoring and evaluation systems. It contains a set of electronic resources (how-to guides, tools, guidelines, country examples and other documents) for building and maintaining national, sub-national and sectoral HIV M&E systems. These electronic resources include national HIV databases; job descriptions of national HIV M&E unit staff; terms of reference for consultants to develop different aspects of M&E systems; user manuals; M&E operational plans; model budgets and costings; survey protocols; standard PowerPoint presentations explaining different aspects of M&E systems; and other related documents. M&E system The set of planning, information gathering and synthesis, and reflection and reporting processes, along with the necessary supporting conditions and capacities required for the M&E outputs to make a valuable contribution to project decision making and learning. M&E technical working group A group of experts who meet on a regular basis to discuss technical M&E developments and approve key M&E documentation. Such groups have fixed, invitation-only membership and usually consist of stakeholders from all sectors. M&E TWG Monitoring and Evaliuation Technical Working Group. A group of experts who meet on a regular basis to discuss technical M&E developments and approve key M&E documentation. Such groups have fixed, invitation-only membership and usually consist of stakeholders from all sectors. M&E work plan Monitoring and evaluation work plan. A single plan for all HIV M&E activities, that is costed, multi-year, multi-sectoral and multi-level . Such a work plan will describe and cost all HIV M&E activities that all the M&E stakeholders would need to undertake in order to operationalise a national HIV M&E system. This will provide one common vision for all the stakeholders concerned and a single operational framework within which individual organizations can develop their approach. M&E Monitoring and Evaluation M&E culture Shared set of values, conventions, or social practices associated with HIV M&E. M&E Framework A table describing the performance questions, information gathering requirements (including indicators), reflection and review events with stakeholders, and resources and activities required to implement a functional M&E system. This matrix lists how data will be collected, when, by whom and where. M&E Unit The generic title used for units at both the project and secroral levels rsponsible for M&E M&E work plan An action plan that includes activities, responsibilities, time frames, and costs for each of the 12 components of an HIV M&E system. An M&E work plan is usually an annex to an M&E plan. Making HIV money work Management information system A data system, usually computerized, that routinely collects and reports information about the delivery of services, costs, demographical and health information, and results status Managing for Development Results Initiative of development partners to ensure that development aid is more structured, harmonised, and that development aid achieves results Managing for HIV results Comprehensive and integrated management system that focuses on achieving national objectives for the population while assuring accountability for public funds. Managing for impact model The process of guiding the overall project strategy, creating a learning environment, and ensuring effective project operations by developing and using an effective M&E system. Managing for results Comprehensive and integrated management system that focuses on achieving national objectives for the population while assuring accountability for public funds. Mandate An organisation’s mandate for HIV M&E can be defined as the specific order given to an organisation to execute M&E functions. MAP Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program for Africa (A World Bank funding mechanism) MARP Most At Risk Population. Sub-populations within the broader, general population who are at increased risk of and vulnerability to HIV infection MDG Millennium Development Goal MDGs Millennium Development Goals Means of verification The specific sources from which the status of each of the results indicators in the Results and Resources Framework can be ascertained. Medical HIV services Medical HIV services are all activities related to HIV prevention, care and support, delivered at public, civil society or private health facilities in the country, either by clinicians or health workers. Medical HIV services include PMTCT, male circumcision, VCT, STI treatment, blood transfusions, ARV therapy, and treatment of opportunistic infections. Meta-analysis An analysis that aggregates results from a series of evaluations and involves a re-analysis of data. Meta-evaluation A type of evaluation that aggregates findings from a series of evaluations. Also an evaluation of an evaluation to judge its quality and/or assess the performance of the evaluators. Methodology A description of how something will be done. A set of analytical methods, procedures and techniques used to collect and analyse information appropriate for evaluation of the particular programme, component or activity MfDR Managing for Development Results. Initiative of development partners to ensure that development aid is more structured, harmonised, and that development aid achieves results Midterm evaluation Evaluation performed towards the middle of the period of implementation of the intervention. Related term: formative evaluation Midterm Review An elaborate version of a supervision mission, with the same actors, that sometimes questions the design of the project. There is no standardised format and so can range from a supervision mission to a full-scale mid-term evaluation-like exercise. MIS Management information system MOH Ministry of Health Monitoring The routine tracking and reporting of priority information about a program and its intended outputs and outcomes. Monitoring asks: What have we achieved? Monitoring and evaluation Symbiotic processes that are used to measure results Monitoring and evaluation plan A comprehensive planning document for all M&E activities, it documents the key M&E questions to be addressed, what indicators are collected, how, how often, from where and why they will be collected; baselines, targets and assumptions; how they are going to be analysed or interpreted, and how or how often reports will be developed and distributed on these indicators Morbidity rates The percentage of those who are ill during a particular span of time Mortality rates The percentage who die during a particular span of time Most-at-risk population Sub-populations within the broader, general population who are at increased risk of and vulnerability to HIV infection MOV Means of Verification MSC MSM Men who have sex with men MTCT Mother-to-Child Transmission MTR Midterm Review Multi-Year Planning, Management and Funding Framework A four-year framework that is composed of three interlinking components: (1) a results framework, which identifies the major results that UNFPA aims to achieve, its key programme strategies, and the indicators that will be used to measure progress; (2) an integrated resources framework that indicates the level of resources required to achieve the stated results; and (3) a managing for results component that defines the priorities for improving the Fund's organizational effectiveness MYFF Multi-Year Planning, Management and Funding Framework NACA National AIDS Coordinating Authority. The coordination structure at the national government level responsible for coordinating the country's HIV response: the 2nd of the Three Ones NASA National AIDS Spending Assessment. An assessment to determine the amount of funds spent on HIV/AIDS by all sectors National AIDS Coordinating Authority The coordination structure at the national government level responsible for coordinating the country's HIV response: the 2nd of the Three Ones National AIDS Spending Assessment An assessment to determine the amount of funds spent on HIV/AIDS by all sectors National HIV M&E plan A comprehensive narrative document for all M&E activities documenting the key M&E questions to be addressed; what indicators are collected; how, how often, from where and why they will be collected; includes baselines, targets and assumptions; how they are going to be analyzed or interpreted; and how or how often reports will be developed and distributed on the indicators National-level reports Various sources of information that are used to describe program inputs and program-related, project-level activities countrywide; examples include reports of nongovernmental agencies and national reports on program progress, performance, strategies, and plans NGO Non-governmental Organisation Non-medical HIV services Non-medical HIV services are exactly the opposite of medical HIV services: the term refers to all activities related to HIV prevention and impact mitigation that are delivered at venues other than health facilities, i.e. in schools, community halls, taxi ranks, community leader meetings, homes, etc, by community workers, facilitators, trainers, and leaders from the public sector, civil society and private sector organizations. Together, the terms ‘medical and non-medical HIV services’ cover the entire range of input and output data needed to measure HIV results. NSP National HIV Strategic Plan. Objective A statement of desired, specific, realistic, and measurable program results Objectively verifiable indicator a group of criteria (not necessarily measurable) used to verify the degree of accomplishment (foreseen or actual) of the sectoral purpose, the objective, and the inputs and outputs of a project. They can be quantitative, and therefore both varifiable and measurabe, or qual;itative, and therefore only varifiable. OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OED Operations Evaluation Department (now IEG) OEG Operations Evaluation Group (now IEG) OEU Operations Evaluation Unit (now IEG) OI Opportunistic Infection OP Operational Policy Operational Plan See "annual work Plan and Budget" Operational Plan The annual commitment of the project towards the communities, the Government and IFAD, and of which implementation progress will be measured. It details the operational aspects of a project, based on the strategic plan and the situation on the ground. It is the basis for the detailed scheduling of activities and specific assignments in monthly management meetings. It is also the foundation for monitoring progress at the activity level and regarding resource use/allocation Importantly, in the more demand-driven projects, the AWPB is also the formal (and legal) expression of the consolidated set of projects and initiatives of the primary stakeholders that will be supported over the coming year. Operational Policy The World Bank has a series of Operational Policies to guide all its operations. Operations research Applies systematic research techniques to improve service delivery; this type of research and evaluation analyses only factors that are under the control of program managers, such as improving the quality of services, increasing training and supervision of staff, and adding new service components; it is designed to assess the accessibility, availability, quality, and sustainability of programs Opportunistic infection Infection caused by organisms that do not normally cause disease in people whose immune systems are intact. Some of the most common opportunistic infections indicating that someone has AIDS are: PCP (pneumocystic carinii pneumonia), oesophageal candidiasis, toxoplasmosis etc. Opportunistic infections Infections caused by organisms that do not normally cause disease in people whose immune systems are intact. Some of the most common opportunistic infections indicating that someone has AIDS are: PCP (pneumocystic carinii pneumonia), oesophageal candidiasis, toxoplasmosis etc. Organisation's M&E authority An organisation's inherent right to execute M&E functions Organisational capacity The capacity of the organization and its processes to deliver the organisation’s goals and development objectives. Organisational capacity development Improvements in the ability of institutions and organizations (public, private and NGO's) to singly, or in cooperation with other organizations, perform appropriate tasks Organisational culture A system of shared meaning within an organization that determines, to a large degree, how employees act. In most organizations, systems or patterns of values, symbols, rituals, myths and practices have evolved over time that determine what employees see and how they respond to their world. Outcome The intended or achieved short and medium-term effects of an intervention’s outputs, usually requiring the collective effort of partners. Outcomes represent changes in development conditions which occur between the completion of outputs and the achievement of impact. They my include as change in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, skills, behaviours, access to services, policies, and environmental conditions Outcome evaluation A type of evaluation that is concerned with determining if, and by how much, program activities or services achieved their intended outcomes; whereas outcome monitoring is helpful and necessary in knowing whether outcomes were attained, outcome evaluation attempts to attribute observed change to the intervention tested, describe the extent or scope of program outcomes, and indicate what might happen in the absence of the program; it is methodologically rigorous and requires a comparative element in design, such as a control or comparison group Outcome monitoring The basic tracking of variables that have been adopted as measures or “indicators” of the desired program outcomes; with national AIDS programs, it is typically conducted through population-based surveys to track whether desired outcomes have been reached; it may also track information directly related to program clients, such as change in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, skills, behaviours, access to services, policies, and environmental conditions Output The results of program activities; relates to the direct products or deliverables of program activities, such as number of counselling sessions completed, number of people reached, and number of materials distributed Output Indicator Indicator at the output level of the objective hierarchy, usually the quantity and quality of outputs and the timing of their delivery. Outputs The products, capital goods and services which result from a development intervention; may also include changes resulting from the intervention which are relevant to the achievement of outcomes OVC Orphans and Vulnerable Children PAD Project Appraisal Document Pandemic A disease prevalent throughout an entire country, continent or the whole world Participatory When representatives of agencies and stakeholders (including beneficiaries) work together Participatory approach A broad term for the involvement of primary and other stakeholders in an undertaking (e.g. programme planning, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation) Participatory evaluation Evaluation method in which representatives of agencies and stakeholders (including beneficiaries) work together in designing, carrying out and interpreting an evaluation Participatory impact monitoring a continual immediate assessment of the impact, used to control and steer purposes. It is characterised by the way actors at various levels attempt to collaborate in order to reflect on the impacts. Partners The individuals and/or organizations that collaborate to achieve mutually agreed upon objectives. Note: The concept of partnership connotes shared goals, common responsibility for outcomes, distinct accountabilities and reciprocal obligations. Partners may include governments, civil society, non-governmental organizations, universities, professional and business associations, multilateral organizations, private companies, etc. Partnerships An HIV M&E partnership refers to a cooperative relationship between people or groups who agree to share responsibility for achieving the HIV M&E system performance objectives. A partnership is an agreement between two or more parties to work together to achieve common aims. PDO Project Development Objective PEP Post-exposure prophylaxis. Emergency medical response that can be used to protect individuals exposed to HIV. PEP consists of HIV antiretroviral medication, laboratory tests and counselling. Ideally PEP should be initiated within 2 to 24 hours (and no later than 48 to 72 hours) of possible exposure to HIV, and must continue for approximately four weeks. PEPFAR United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief PER Public Expenditure Review. Assessment of govenrment funds spent in a specific thematic area or for a specific sector. Performance The degree to which a development intervention or a development partner operates according to specific criteria/standards/guidelines or achieves results in accordance with stated plans Performance The degree to which a development intervention or a development partner operates according to specific criteria/standards/guidelines or achieves results in accordance with stated goals or plans. Performance indicator A quantitative or qualitative variable that allows the verification of changes produced by a development intervention relative to what was planned Performance measurement A system for assessing the performance of development interventions, partnerships or policy reforms relative to what was planned in terms of the achievement of outputs and outcomes. Performance measurement relies upon the collection, analysis, interpretation and reporting of data for performance indicators Performance monitoring A continuous process of collecting and analysing data for performance indicators, to compare how well development interventions, partnerships or policy reforms are being implemented against expected results PHRD Japan Policy and Human Resources Development Fund PID Project Information Document PIM PIM is a concept for guiding self-help projects in development cooperation. The actors involved carry out the monitoring themselves. Because PIM assumes that these actors are autonomous, it has several strands or "strings" - the monitoring systems of the selfhelp groups and the development organizations are separate. The strings are periodically compared: the actors reflect on their observations and assessments, adapt their planning accordingly and deepen their dialogue with one another. PIM was developed as an alternative to conventional planning. monitoring and evaluation procedures. It does not presuppose the availability of good planning documents, nor does it postpone reflection to a late evaluation. Planning System A system including the following main aspects: strategic planning, Annual planning and budgeting, and monthly activity scheduling. PLHIV Person Living With HIV or AIDS PMTCT Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission POM Project Operations Manual Population-based survey A large-scale national health survey, such as the Demographic and Health Survey Post-exposure prophylaxis Emergency medical response that can be used to protect individuals exposed to HIV. PEP consists of HIV antiretroviral medication, laboratory tests and counselling. Ideally PEP should be initiated within 2 to 24 hours (and no later than 48 to 72 hours) of possible exposure to HIV, and must continue for approximately four weeks. PPA Project Performance Assessment Precondition Condition that must be fufiled before a project can become effective.(when disbursement against the loan becomes possible.) Prevalence Usually given as a percentage, HIV prevalence quantifies the proportion of individuals in a population who have HIV at a specific point in time. Prevalence A measure of the proportion of people in a population affected with a particular disease at a given time. NOTE: the terms prevalence and incidence should not be confused. Incidence only applies to the number of new cases, while the term prevalence applies to all cases old and new. Primary stakeholder The main intended beneficiaries of a project. Process evaluation Evaluation intended to improve performance, most often conducted during the implementation phase of projects or programs. Note: Such evaluations may also be conducted for other reasons such as compliance, legal requirements or as part of a larger evaluation initiative. Process evaluation Type of evaluation that focuses on program implementation, adding a dimension to the information that was tracked in input and output monitoring; usually focuses on a single program and uses largely qualitative methods to describe program activities and perceptions, especially during the developmental stages and early implementation of a program; may also include some quantitative approaches, such as surveys about client satisfaction and perceptions about needs and services; in addition, might provide understanding about a program’s cultural, socio-political, legal, and economic contexts that affect programs Process evaluation An evaluation aimed at describing and understanding the interal dynamics and relationships of a project , programme or institution. Process monitoring Routine gathering of information on all aspects of a project or program to check on how project activities are progressing. It provides information for planning and feedback on the progress of the project to the development partners, implementers, and beneficiaries of the project. Process monitoring The activities of consciously selecting processes, selectively and systematically observing them to compare them with others, and communicating about what has been observed to learn how to steer and shape the progress. Program In the context of HIV and AIDS, this generally refers to an overarching national or sub-national systematic response to the epidemic and may include a number of projects and interventions. Program evaluation Evaluation of a set of interventions, marshaled to attain specific global, regional, country, or sector development objectives. Note: a development program is a time bound intervention involving multiple activities that may cut across sectors, themes and/or geographic areas. Related term: Country program/strategy evaluation. Program monitoring This implies tracking HIV-related activities and services through a monitoring system that ensures that all partners submit regular, structured program reports that are externally verified Program objective The intended physical, financial, institutional, social, environmental, or other development results to which a project or program is expected to contribute. Program records Various sources of information that are used to describe program inputs and program-related, project-level activities; examples include budget and expenditure records and logs of commodities Programme A time-bound intervention similar to a project but which cuts across sectors, themes or geographic areas, uses a multi-disciplinary approach, involves multiple institutions, and may be supported by several different funding sources. In the context of HIV and AIDS, this generally refers to an overarching national or sub-national systematic response to the epidemic and may include a number of projects and interventions Programme approach A process which allows governments, development partners and other stakeholders to articulate priorities for development assistance through a coherent framework within which components are interlinked and aimed towards achieving the same goals. It permits all development partners, under government leadership, to effectively contribute to the realization of national development objectives Programme theory An approach for planning and evaluating development interventions. It entails systematic and cumulative study of the links between activities, outputs, outcomes, impact and contexts of interventions. It specifies upfront how activities will lead to outputs, outcomes and longer-term impact and identifies the contextual conditions that may affect the achievement of results Project A time-bound intervention that consists of a set of planned, interrelated activities aimed at achieving defined programme outputs Project Completion Report The report that describes the situation at the end of a developmental intervention, including lessons learned. The project completion report (PCR) is the responsibility of the borrower (I.e. the government). Project cycle manahement A tool for understanding the task and management functions to be performed in the course of a project or Programmes lifetime.This commonly includes the stages of identification, preparation, appraisal, implementation/ supervision, evaluation, completion and lesson learning. Project evaluation Evaluation of an individual development intervention designed to achieve specific objectives within specified resources and implementation schedules, often within the framework of a broader program. Note: Cost benefit analysis is a major instrument of project evaluation for projects with measurable benefits. When benefits cannot be quantified, cost effectiveness is a suitable approach. Project impacts The changes in a situation that arise from the combined efforts of project activities, or the extent to which the goal or the highest-level project objections are achieved. Impact also refers to any unintended positive or negative changes that result from the project. Impact sometimes means anything achieved by the project beyond direct outputs. Project Management The process of leading, planing, organising,staffing and controlling activities, people and other resources in order to achieve particular objectives. Project objective The intended physical, financial, institutional, social, environmental, or other development results to which a project or program is expected to contribute. Project Performance The overall quality of a project in terms of its impact, value to beneficiaries, implementation effectiveness, and efficiency and sustainability. Projects operations manual A project-specific document that sets out the Project strategy, operational activities, steps and procedures, and responsibilities of key stakeholders. This often includes a detailed M&E operational plan. Proxy indicator A variable used to stand in for one that is difficult to measure directly. Proxy measure A variable used to stand in for one that is difficult to measure directly. PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy Public Expenditure Review Assessment of govenrment funds spent in a specific thematic area or for a specific sector. Purpose The publicly stated objectives of the development program or project. Qualitative evaluation A type of evaluation that is primarily descriptive and interpretative, and may or may not lend itself to quantification Quality assurance Quality assurance encompasses any activity that is concerned with assessing and improving the merit or the worth of a development intervention or its compliance with given standards. Note: examples of quality assurance activities include appraisal, RBM, reviews during implementation, evaluations, etc. Quality assurance may also refer to the assessment of the quality of a portfolio and its development effectiveness. Quantitative evaluation A type of evaluation involving the use of numerical measurement and data analysis based on statistical methods RBM Results Based Management RDMBS Reach The coverage (e.g., the range or number of individuals, groups, institutions, geographic areas; etc.) that will be affected by a programme Recommendation Proposal for action to be taken in a specific circumstance, including the parties responsible for that action. Recommendations should be linked to conclusions. Recommendations Proposals aimed at enhancing the effectiveness, quality, or efficiency of a development intervention; at redesigning the objectives; and/or at the reallocation of resources. Recommendations should be linked to conclusions. Relational database This means that all data are not stored in the same table, but in different tables that are related. MS Access is a relational database. Relevance The degree to which the outputs, outcomes or goals of a programme remain valid and pertinent as originally planned or as subsequently modified owing to changing circumstances within the immediate context and external environment of that programme Reliability Consistency and dependability of data collected through repeated use of a scientific instrument or data collection procedure used under the same conditions; is independent of data validity—that is, a data collection method may produce consistent data but not measure what is intended to be measured Research Focuses primarily on hypothesis testing in a controlled environment; it typically attempts to make statements about the relationships among specific variables under controlled circumstances and at a given point in time. ALSO The general field of disciplined investigation Resource Library GAMET HIV Monitoring and Evaluation Resource Library Resources Items that a project has or needs in order to operate, such as staff time, managerial time, local knowledge, money, equipment, trained personnel and socio-political opportunities. Responsibility An obligation to perform assigned M&E activities. Result The output, outcome or impact (intended or unintended, positive and /or negative) derived from a cause and effect relationship set in motion by a development intervention Result explanation Results The output, outcome or impact (intended or unintended, positive and/or negative) of a development intervention. Related terms : outcome, effect, impacts. Results Based Management A management strategy by which an organization ensures that its processes, products and services contribute to the achievement of desired results (outputs, outcomes & impacts). RBM rests on stakeholder participation and on clearly defined accountability for results. It also requires monitoring of progress towards results and reporting on performance/feedback which is carefully reviewed and used to further improve the design or implementation of the programme Results chain The causal sequence for a development intervention that stipulates the necessary sequence to achieve desired objectivesbeginning with inputs, moving through activities and outputs, and culminating in outcomes, impacts, and feedback. In some agencies, reach is part of the results chain. Related terms: assumptions, results framework. Results cycle The Results Cycle is an organizing framework that guides and supports both the strategic planning process and the production of the strategy document that will guide future implementation Results framework The logic that explains how results are to be achieved, including causal relationships and underlying assumptions. The results framework is the application of the logical framework approach at a strategic level, across an entire organization, for a country programme, a programme component within a country programme, or even a project. Also see logframe Retrovirus A type of virus that is able to insert its genetic material into a host cell’s DNA. Retrovirus infections had not been found in human beings until recently. HIV is a retrovirus. Review An assessment of the performance of an intervention, periodically or on an ad hoc basis. Note: Frequently “evaluation” is used for a more comprehensive and/or more indepth assessment than “review”. Reviews tend to emphasize operational aspects. Sometimes the terms “review” and “evaluation” are used as synonyms. Related term: evaluation. Risk Factors that may adversely affect delivery of inputs, completion of activities and achievement of results. Many risk factors are outside the control of the parties responsible for managing and implementing a programme Risk analysis An analysis or an assessment of factors (called assumptions in the logframe) affect or are likely to affect the successful achievement of an intervention’s objectives. A detailed examination of the potential unwanted and negative consequences to human life, health, property, or the environment posed by development interventions; a systematic process to provide information regarding such undesirable consequences; the process of quantification of the probabilities and expected impacts for identified risks. Risk reduction The process of adopting behaviours that reduce the likelihood that an individual will be exposed to HIV. Risks Factors that may adversely affect delivery of inputs, completion of activities and achievement of results. Many risk factors are outside the control of the parties responsible for managing and implementing a programme Routine data Routine data are those generated as part of the implementation of a programme, activity or service. For example, every time a patient visits a hospital, the patient’s name is recorded in the hospital register. Such a register therefore contains routine data. RTU SACU Southern African Customs Union Safer sex Sexual activities that are not likely to transmit HIV. Safer sex involves sexual expressions in which partners make sure that blood, semen, vaginal mucus and menstrual blood from one person do not come into contact with the other person’s bloodstream or mucous membranes (vulva, vagina, rectum, mouth and/or nose). This can be prevented by the use of male or female condoms. Sample The selection of a representative part of a population in order to determine parameters or characteristics of the whole population. SDR Special Drawing Rights Sector program evaluation Evaluation of a cluster of development interventions in a sector within one country or across countries, all of which contribute to the achievement of a specific development goal. Note: a sector includes development activities commonly grouped together for the purpose of public action such as health, education, agriculture, transport etc. Self evaluation An evaluation by those who are entrusted with the design and delivery of a development intervention. Sensitivity (of the test) Ability of the test to identify correctly those who have the disease Seroconversion The development of antibodies in response to an antigen. With HIV, seroconversion usually occurs 4 to12 weeks after infection is acquired, but in very few cases it has been delayed for 6 months or more. Serodiscordant couples Couples composed of one HIV negative and one HIV positive partner. Seronegative Testing negative for HIV antibodies Seropositive Testing positive for HIV antibodies. Seroprevalence The rate of seropositivity in a defined population. Suggests the rate of HIV infection for that population. Service Provision Assessment Survey conducted in health facilities and communities to obtain information about the health and family planning services available in a country. The objective of the SPA is to provide information about the characteristics of health services including their quality, infrastructure, utilization, and availability. Findings from the SPA can supplement household-based information on health status and service utilization collected byDHSs. Sexual debut The age at which a person first engages in sexual intercourse. Situation analysis The process of understanding the status, condition, trends and key issues affecting people, ecosystems and institutions in a given geographic context at any level (local, national, international, and regional.) SMO Statement of Mission Objectives SMS Short Message Service SPA Service Provision Assessment Span of control The number of subordinates that a manager can direct efficiently and effectively. Specificity (of the test) Is defined as the ability of this defined as the ability of the test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease e test to identify correctly those who have the disease Spermicide A contraceptive that works by killing sperm in semen. Some spermicides, such as nonoxynol-9 have also been demonstrated to kill HIV in laboratory tests. Staff authority Positions that have some authority but that are created to support, assist and advise the holders of line authority with their M&E functions. Stakeholder Person, group, or entity that has a role and interest in the goals or objectives and implementation of a program Stakeholder Participation Active involvement by stakeholders in the design, management and monitoring of the project. Full participation means all representatives of key stakeholder groups at the project site become involved in mutually agreed, appropriate ways. Stakeholders People, groups or entities that have a role and interest in the aims, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of an organisation, project or programme. They include the community whose situation the programme seeks to change; field staff who implement activities; and programme managers who oversee implementation; development partners and other decision-makers who influence or decide the course of action related to the programme; and supporters, critics and other persons who influence the programme environment (see target group and beneficiaries). STD Sexually Transmitted Disease STI Sexually Transmitted Infection Strategic Planning A broad description of the activities that would normally be carried out as part of projection development, from start to finish, and the milestones that would generally be achieved along the way, such as implementation agreements, registration, etc. The plan should also explain the different aspects that need to be addressed as part of project development, and illustrate basic principals that are to be followed. The sequence of and relationship between main activities and milestones should also be described. The appraisal report should be used as a starting point for refinement of the strategic plan as well as detailed operational planning. Strategies Approaches and modalities to deploy human, material and financial resources and implement activities to achieve results. Success A favourable programme result that is assessed in terms of effectiveness, impact, sustainability and contribution to capacity development Summative evaluation A study conducted at the end of an intervention (or a phase of that intervention) to determine the extent to which anticipated outcomes were produced. Summative evaluation is intended to provide information about the worth of the program. Supervision Directing and overseeing the performance of others, whilst transmitting skills, knowledge and attitudes that are essential for successful monitoring of HIV activities. It offers opportunities to give an account or record of work that has been done; reflect on it; receive feedback, and where appropriate, provide guidance to improve implementation. Supportive supervision Directing and overseeing the performance of others, whilst transmitting skills, knowledge and attitudes that are essential for successful monitoring of HIV activities. It offers opportunities to give an account or record of work that has been done; reflect on it; receive feedback, and where appropriate, provide guidance to improve implementation. Surveillance The ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data about a disease or health condition. Collecting blood samples for the purpose of surveillance is called serosurveillance. Survey Written set of questions and/or statements that are designed to gather information from many respondents. Survey Systematic collection of information from a defined population, usually by means of interviews or questionnaires administered to a sample of units in the population (e.g. person, youth, adults etc.). Baseline surveys are carried out at the beginning of the programme to describe the situation prior to a development intervention in order to assess progress; Mid line surveys are conducted at the mid point of the cycle to provide management and decision makers with the information necessary to assess and, if necessary, adjust, implementation, procedures, strategies and institutional arrangements, for the attainment of results. In addition, the results of midline surveys can also be used to inform and guide the formulation of a new country programme. End line surveys are conducted towards the end of the cycle to provide decision makers and planners with information with which to review the achievements of the programme and generate lessons to guide the formulation and/or implementation of a new programme/ projects. Sustainability Durability of programme results after the termination of the technical cooperation channelled through the programme. Static sustainability – the continuous flow of the same benefits, set in motion by the completed programme, to the same target groups; dynamic sustainability – the use or adaptation of programme results to a different context or changing environment by the original target groups and/or other groups. Sufficient likelihood that political and financial support will exist to maintain the program Syndrome A group of symptoms as reported by the patient and signs as detected in an examination that together are characteristic of a specific condition. Systems capacity The ability of a system to deliver the goal and objectives of a process, and so contribute towards an organization fulfilling its objectives. Systems capacity development Improvements in the ability of systems (single systems or groups of systems) to effectively perform the tasks for which they have been designed. T Cell One type of white blood cell. One type of T cell (T-4 Lymphocytes, also called Helper T cells) is especially apt to be infected by HIV. By injuring and destroying these cells HIV damages the overall ability of the immune system to fight diseases. TA Target Quantifiable levels of the indicators that a country or organization wants to achieve at a given point in time Target group The main stakeholders of a programme that are expected to gain from the results of that programme. Sectors of the population that a programme aims to reach in order to address their needs Target groups The main stakeholders of a programme that are expected to gain from the results of that programme. Sectors of the population that a programme aims to reach in order to address their needs Targets Quantifiable levels of the indicators that a country or organization wants to achieve at a given point in time Task force A temporary grouping of persons mandated by a permanent structure to fulfill a specific, often short-term, objective. TB Tuberculosis Terms of reference Written document presenting the purpose and scope of the evaluation, the methods to be used, the standard against which performance is to be assessed or analyses are to be conducted, the resources and time allocated, and reporting requirements. Two other expressions sometimes used with the same meaning are “scope of work” and “evaluation mandate”. Thematic evaluation Evaluation of a selection of development interventions, all of which address a specific development priority that cuts across countries, regions, and sectors. Three Ones Time-series analysis Quasi-experimental designs that rely on relatively long series of repeated measurements of the outcome/output variable taken before, during and after intervention in order to reach conclusions about the effect of the intervention. TOR Terms of Reference. Written document presenting the purpose and scope of the evaluation, the methods to be used, the standard against which performance is to be assessed or analyses are to be conducted, the resources and time allocated, and reporting requirements. Two other expressions sometimes used with the same meaning are “scope of work” and “evaluation mandate”. Transmission For HIV transmission to occur two conditions must be satisfied: the presence of the virus and a port of entry into the body. The three most common modes of transmission are: (1). Unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner. The virus can enter the body through the mucosal lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum or, very rarely, the mouth during sex. The likelihood of transmission is increased by factors that may damage these linings, especially other sexually transmitted infections that cause ulcers or inflammation. (2). Direct contact with infected blood, most often by drug injectors using needles or syringes contaminated with minute quantities of blood containing the virus. (3). Mother-to-child transmission either during pregnancy or birth, or postnatal via breastfeeding. Transparency Carefully describing and sharing information, rationale, assumptions, and procedures as the basis for value judgments and decisions Triangulation The use of three or more theories, sources or types of information, or types of analysis to verify and substantiate an assessment. Note: by combining multiple datasources, methods, analyses or theories, evaluators seek to overcome the bias that comes from single informants, singlemethods, single observer or single theory studies. TTL Task Team Leader TWG Technical Working Group UA Universal Access UN United Nations UNAIDS United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFPA United National Population Fund UNGASS United Nations General Assembly Special Session UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund Utility The value of something to someone or to an institution. The extent to which evaluations are guided by the information needs of their users validation The process of cross-checking to esure that the data obtained from one monitoring method are confirmed by the data obtained from a different method. Validity The extent to which a measurement or test accurately measures what is intended to be measured VCT Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing: is now increasingly being replaced with HIV testing and counselling, signalling a chance in the 'voluntary' approach in many countries Vertical transmission Transmission of a pathogen such as HIV from mother to foetus or baby during pregnancy or birth. Viraemia The presence of virus in the blood, which implies active viral replication. Viral load The quantity of the virus in the bloodstream. The viral load of HIV is measured by sensitive tests, unavailable in many parts of the world. Ability to measure viral load is a key component in effective combination therapy. Virus Infectious agent responsible for numerous diseases in all living beings. They are extremely small particles, and in contrast with bacteria, can only survive and multiply within a living cell at the expense of that cell. Vulnerability Those factors that contribute to people engaging in risky behaviors. A person vulnerable to HIV can be defined as one who is susceptible to, or unable to protect themselves from, significant harm or exploitation linked with HIV infection. Vulnerable children Children who are more vulnerable than other children (persons younger than 18), as per the country's policies. They may include street children and the like Wasting syndrome The HIV wasting syndrome involves involuntary weight loss of 10% of baseline body weight plus either chronic diarrhoea (two loose stools per day for more than 30 days) or chronic weakness and documented fever (for 30 days or more, intermittent or constant) in the absence of a concurrent illness or condition other than HIV infection that would explain the findings WDI World Development Indicator Western blot A blood test used to detect antibodies to HIV. This test is often used to confirm the results of all positive ELISA tests. Their combined accuracy is 99% White blood cells Blood cells responsible for the defence of the body against foreign disease agents and microbes. HIV targets two groups of white blood cells called CD4+, lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages WHO World Health Organization Window period The period between transmission of HIV and the production of antibodies by the immune system. It takes the immune system up to 3 months to produce antibodies to HIV that can be measured in the HIV antibody test. During this window period, an individual tests negative for the virus but is nevertheless capable of transmitting it to others. Work plan Quarterly, annual, or multiyear schedules of expected outputs, tasks, timeframes and responsibilities Work plans Quarterly, annual, or multiyear schedules of expected outputs, tasks, timeframes and responsibilities Work specialization A component of organizational structure that involves each discrete step of an M&E activity being actioned by appropriately skilled individuals rather than by one individual, with ‘generalist’ skills.

Glossary

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